This experiment demonstrates how a lead storage battery works by constructing a simple lead-acid cell, charging it with a direct-current power supply, and then discharging it. It illustrates the reversible redox reactions that make rechargeable batteries possible.

1. Prepare two lead electrodes: one made of lead metal and the other coated with lead dioxide (or simulate this with treated lead strips).
2. Place both electrodes into a beaker containing sulfuric acid solution (approximately 1–2 M).
3. Connect the electrodes to a DC power supply and charge the cell until a measurable voltage is observed.
4. Disconnect the power supply and attach a voltage probe across the electrodes to measure the stored potential.
5. Connect the charged cell to a meter or low-power device to demonstrate energy discharge.

Lead Acid Batteries: How They Work - Electromagnetic Videos:

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• Connect multiple lead-acid cells in series to increase the output voltage.
• Use different concentrations of sulfuric acid to test effects on performance.

• Wear safety goggles, gloves, and a lab coat when handling sulfuric acid.
• Handle lead electrodes with care—lead is toxic and should not be touched with bare hands.
• Dispose of sulfuric acid and lead waste properly as hazardous materials.
• Avoid short-circuiting the electrodes, as this may cause overheating.
• Ensure good ventilation during the experiment, as small amounts of hydrogen gas may be produced.

• What reactions occur at the lead and lead dioxide electrodes during discharge? (Pb → PbSO₄ + 2e⁻ at the anode; PbO₂ + 4H⁺ + SO₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → PbSO₄ + 2H₂O at the cathode.)
• How does charging reverse the discharge reaction? (The applied current drives the reverse redox reactions, regenerating Pb and PbO₂ from PbSO₄.)
• Why is sulfuric acid essential for the operation of the battery? (It supplies sulfate ions for the redox reactions and maintains ionic conductivity.)
• Why are lead-acid batteries still used today despite being heavy and containing toxic materials? (They are inexpensive, reliable, and capable of delivering high surge currents, such as in car engines.)